• How do you convert from oral estrogens to the patch, gel, or other topical forms?
• Are topical forms safer than oral estrogens as far as lipids, clotting, CV risk?
• What are the pros and cons of the different dosage forms?

Up to 80% of women experience vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, night sweats, etc) with menopause. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms is the primary indication for using estrogen therapy. Estrogen therapy is also a treatment option for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. There’s a wide array of products available, including oral tablets, gels, patches, and sprays. This document reviews the different routes of administration of estrogen therapy (i.e., oral, topical/transdermal, vaginal), and includes a table of approximate comparable doses.